Caibidil a Trí: The Verb (an Briathar)

This table contains all synthetic (und analytical) verb forms, independent of if they are still used in modern Irish or if they have been replaced by analytical suffixes (see below: explanations).
While many of these forms predominantly appear in older texts, the older orthography is included (in the 2nd conjugation, earlier also root suffix -uigh instead of -aigh).
In the past tense forms, the particle do is always included, today this is mostly omitted.

In the parentheses, there are the necessary additions for either a slender or broad stem ending
e.g.: -f(a)idh: either -faidh e.g.: dúnfaidh or -fidh e.g.: buailfidh)
In the future tense/conditional of the 2nd conjugation, -eo- instead of -ó- occurs in the slender stem ending
e.g.: -óidh e.g.: salóidh sé = he will soil, -eoidh e.g.: éireoidh sé = he will rise

	1st conjugation e.g. buail = hit		2nd conjugation e.g.: salaigh = soil
			new spelling		old spelling
present tense
I	-(a)im	buailim	-(a)ím	salaím	-(u)ighim	saluighim
you	-(a)ir	buailir	-(a)ír	salaír	-(u)ighir	saluighir
he	-(a)idh sé	buailidh sé	-(a)ídh sé	salaídh sé	-(u)ighidh sé	saluighidh sé
we	-(a)imid	buailimid	-(a)ímid	salaímid	-(u)ighímid	saluighimid
you (pl.)	-t(a)í	buailtí	-(a)ítí	salaítí	-(u)ightí	saluightí
they	-(a)id	buailid	-(a)íd	salaíd	-(u)ighíd	saluighid
one	-t(e)ar	buailtear	-(a)ítear	salaítear	-(u)ightear	saluightear
Habituelles present tense
I	-(e)ann mé	buaileann mé	-(a)íonn mé	salaíonn mé	-(u)igheann mé	saluigheann mé
you	-(e)ann tú	buaileann tú	-(a)íonn tú	salaíonn tú	-(u)igheann tú	saluigheann tú
he	-(e)ann sé	buaileann sé	-(a)íonn sé	salaíonn sé	-(u)igheann sé	saluigheann sé
we	-(e)ann sinn	buaileann sinn	-(a)íonn sinn	salaíonn sinn	-(u)igheann sinn	saluigheann sinn
you (pl.)	-(e)ann sibh	buaileann sibh	-(a)íonn sibh	salaíonn sibh	-(u)igheann sibh	saluigheann sibh
they	-(e)ann siad	buaileann siad	-(a)íonn siad	salaíonn siad	-(u)igheann siad	saluigheann siad
one	-t(e)ar	buailtear	-(a)ítear	salaítear	-(u)ightear	saluightear
preterite tense
I	-(e)as	do bhuaileas	-(a)íos	do shalaíos	-(u)igheas	do shaluigheas
you	-(a)is	do bhuailis	-(a)ís	do shalaís	-(u)ighis	do shaluighis
he	- sé	do bhuail sé	-(a)igh sé	do shalaigh sé	-(u)igh sé	do shaluigh sé
we	-(e)amar	do bhuaileamar	-(a)íomar	do shalaíomar	-(u)igheamar	do shaluigheamar
you (pl.)	-(e)abhar	do bhuaileabhar	-(a)íobhar	do shalaíobhar	-(u)igheabhar	do shaluigheabhar
they	-(e)adar	do bhuaileadar	-(a)íodar	do shalaíodar	-(u)igheadar	do shaluigheadh
one	-(e)adh	do buaileadh	-(a)íodh	do salaíodh	-(u)igheadh	do saluigheadh
imperfect
I	-(a)inn	do bhuailinn	-(a)ínn	do shalaínn	-(u)ighinn	do shaluighinn
you	-t(e)á	do bhuailteá	-(a)íteá	do shalaíteá	-(u)ighteá	do shaluighteá
he	-(e)adh sé	do bhuaileadh sé	-(a)íodh sé	do shalaíodh sé	-(u)igheadh sé	do shaluigheadh sé
we	-(a)imis	do bhuailimis	-(a)ímis	do shalaímis	-(u)ighmis	do shaluighmis
you (pl.)	-t(a)í	do bhuailtí	-(a)ítí	do shalaítí	-(u)ightí	do shaluightí
they	-(a)idís	do bhuailidís	-(a)ídís	do shalaídís	-(u)ighdís	do shaluighdís
one	-t(a)í	do buailtí	-(a)ítí	do salaítí	-(u)ightí	do saluightí
future tense
I	-f(e)ad	buailfead	-ód	salód	-óchad	salóchad
you	-f(a)ir	buailfir	-óir	salóir	-óchair	salóchair
he	-f(a)idh sé	buailfidh sé	-óidh sé	salóidh sé	-óchaidh sé	salóchaidh sé
we	-f(a)imid	buailfimid	-óimid	salóimid	-óchaimid	salóchaimid
you (pl.)	-f(a)idh	buailfidh	-óídh	salóídh	-óchthaídh	salóchthaídh
they	-f(a)id	buailfid	-óid	salóid	-óchaid	salóchaid
one	-f(e)ar	buailfear	-ófar	salófar	-óchar	salóchar
conditional
I	-f(a)inn	do bhuailfinn	-óinn	do shalóinn	-óchainn	do shalóchainn
you	-f(e)á	do bhuailfeá	-ófá	do shalófá	-óchthá	do shalóchthá
he	-f(e)adh sé	do bhuailfeadh sé	-ódh sé	do shalódh sé	-óchadh sé	do shalóchadh sé
we	-f(a)imis	do bhuailfimis	-óimis	do shalóimis	-óchaimis	do shalóchaimis
you (pl.)	-f(a)ídh	do bhuailfidh	-óídh	do shalóídh	-óchaídh	do shalóchaídh
they	-f(a)idís	do bhuailfidís	-óidís	do shalóidís	-óchaidís	do shalóchaídís
one	-f(a)í	do bhuailfí	-ófaí	do shalófaí	-óchaidhe	do shalóchaidhe
imperative
I	-(a)im	buailim	-(a)ím	salaím	-(u)ighim	saluighim
you	-	buail	-(a)igh	salaigh	-(u)igh	saluigh
he	-(e)adh sé	buaileadh sé	-(a)íodh sé	salaíodh sé	-(u)igheadh sé	saluigheadh sé
we	-(a)imis	buailimis	-(a)ímis	salaímis	-(u)ighmis	saluighmis
you (pl.)	-(a)igí (-(a)idh)	buailigí (buailidh)	-(a)ígí	salaígí	-(u)ighídh	saluighídh
they	-(a)idís	buailidís	-(a)ídís	salaídís	-(u)ighdís	saluighdís
one	-t(e)ar	buailtear	-(a)ítear	salaítear	-(u)ightear	saluightear
subjunctive present tense
I	-(a)d	go mbuailead	-(a)íod	go salaíod	-(u)ighead	go saluighead
you	-(a)ir	go mbuailir	-(a)ír	go salaír	-(u)ighir	go saluighir
he	-(a)idh sé	go mbuailidh sé	-(a)ídh sé	go salaídh sé	-(u)ighidh sé	go saluighidh sé
we	-(a)imid	go mbuailimid	-(a)ímid	go salaímid	-(u)ighímid	go saluighimid
you (pl.)	-(a)idh	go mbuailidh	-(a)ídh	go salaídh	-(u)ighídh	go saluighídh
they	-(a)id	go mbuailid	-(a)íd	go salaíd	-(u)ighíd	go saluighid
one	-t(e)ar	go mbuailtear	-(a)ítear	go salaítear	-(u)ightear	go saluightear
subjunctive preterite tense
I	-(a)inn	dá mbuailinn	-(a)ínn	dá salaínn	-(u)ighinn	dá saluighinn
you	-t(e)á	dá mbuailteá	-(a)íteá	dá salaíteá	-(u)ighteá	dá saluighteá
he	-(e)adh sé	dá mbuaileadh sé	-(a)íodh sé	dá salaíodh sé	-(u)igheadh sé	dá saluigheadh sé
we	-(a)imis	dá mbuailimis	-(a)ímis	dá salaímis	-(u)ighmis	dá saluighmis
you (pl.)	-t(a)í	dá mbuailtí	-(a)ítí	dá salaítí	-(u)ightí	dá saluightí
they	-(a)idís	dá mbuailidís	-(a)ídís	dá salaídís	-(u)ighdís	dá saluighdís
one	-t(a)í	dá mbuailtí	-(a)ítí	dá salaítí	-(u)ightí	dá saluightí

explanations

These conjugations in these forms are nowhere to be used today.
In a few dialects, some forms have remained, whereby there is a trend towards analytical forms now, in the North more than the South. Esp. in Ulster and Connacht, synthetic verb suffixes appear in Echo forms.

general

The conjugation suffixes with -t- - : t(e)á, t(e)ar, t(a)í - used to acty like the suffix of the verbal adjective.
There was instead of -t- after b, c, f, g, m, p, r -th- .
The voiced consonants b, g became through this voiceless [p] and [k].
e.g.: scuab = sweep: scuabthaí [scuapi:] = one swept, scuabthar [scuap@r] = one sweeps, scuabthá [scuapa:] = you swept
In many dialects, this is still used, in der standard orthography only in the verbal adjective (e.g. scuabtha [scuap@] = swept)

present tense and habitual present tense

The forms ending in -(e)ann were originally only habitual.
Only in the non-habitual present tense were there synthetic forms, non-habitual as an analytical form was -(a)idh.
Today, both are tenses fused in form ; the analytical form -(e)ann occurred not only as habitual but also as non-habitual and synthet. forms are today also (right now) in habitual use (buailim = I hit (now/always)

present tense

The form of the 3rd person -(a)idh is seldomly still used in Ulster (as a "historical present tense" in narrative forms).
By irregular verbs it reduced itself so -(a)idh in Ulster so that suffixless forms came about: tig sé = he's coming, tchí tú = you see
The 2nd person plural -t(a)í is no longer in use (in written Irish also -taoi instead of -taí)
The rest of the synthet. forms still appear in Munster, outside of that mostly only as Echo forms.
Only the 1st person singular -(a)im is still found regularly in all dialects, in the standard also the 1st person plural -(a)imid
In Connacht as an Echo- form of the 2nd person singular -(a)inns instead of -(a)ir (buailinns instead of buailir = you hit)

preterite tense

The plural forms of the 1st and 2nd person occur in spoken Munster Irish today with a slender-r: -(e)amair, -(e)abhair.
The forms of the 1st and 3rd person plural occur in Connacht and Munster, the 2nd person plural only still in Munster.
The rest of the synthetic forms occur regularly in Munster, outside of that mostly only in Echo forms.
In Munster ther are also by some irregular verbs suffixless forms in the 1st person singular: chonac = I saw, chuala =I heard, thána = I came

imperfect

The imperfect forms are mostly maintained in the standard.
Only the 2nd person plural -t(a)í has completely vanished today (they were only by lenition able to be told apart from the autonomous form)
Instead of -(a)imis also-(e)amais or -(e)amaois/-(a)imís etc. (with a broad -m- and/or a long -í-)
In the 1st and 3rd person plural in Munster/Ulster also with -t: -(a)imist/-a(i)dist (bhuailimist = we hit)

future tense

Synthetic future tense forms are only still used in Munster , outside of Munster only in Echo forms.
The 2nd person plural -f(a)idh is uncommon without sibh today.
In the 1st person plural (-f(a)imid) there are variations with a broad -m-: -famuid, -fam
In Ulster, the old orthography of the 2nd conjugation is still recognisable in the pronunciation, -óch- is spoken there as [ah]. The old spelling is there then kept on: salóchaidh [salah@] instead of salóidh [salo:j]
In Connacht, the 2nd person singular acts as the Echo form -f(a)is instead of -f(a)ir (buailfis instead of buailfir = you will hit)

conditional

The synthetic forms are (except the obsolete 2nd person plural) still maintained in the standard.
For-f(a)imis similar variations apply as for the imperfect form -(a)imis:
For the 2nd conjugation in Ulster the to the future tense said (shalóchadh [halahu:] applies instead of shalódh [halo:])
In older orthography there is no -f- in the 2nd conjugation (instead of -ófá then-óchthá. The -f- was taken over from the 1st conjugation).

imperative

The 2nd person plural is today -igí. This form originated out of the form of the 2nd conjugation (old orthography) -(u)ighídh. This is spoken [i:gi:] in Munster and was integrated in the 1st conjugation as [@gi:] (instead of the rather confusing -(a)idh [i:])
The older -(a)idh held on longer after the stem final sound ending in -g,-c (e.g.: tuigidh statt tuigigí = understand!)
The 1st person plural can be said also -(e)am or -(a)imid instead of -(a)imis.

subjunctive present tense

subjunctive preterite tense